<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span style="font-weight: bold">Por: Fernando Martín M. (fmartin@flacso.org.ec) y Marcelo Varela E. (avarela@flacso.org.ec)</span><br /> Programa de Economía, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO<br /> <br /> Parte de la investigación: <a shape="rect" href="http://www.ekosnegocios.com/negocios/verArticuloContenido.aspx?idArt=341" target="_self">Grupos Económicos: Los Colosos de la Economía Nacional</a><br /> <br /> <br /> La concentración empresarial del Ecuador continúa siendo elevada según los datos suministrados por el Censo Nacional Económico, INEC y Senplades para 2010. Como muestra la siguiente tabla, los sectores industriales y la gran distribución concentran una parte importante del mercado en pocas empresas, con estructuras de mercado próximas al monopolio en algunos casos.<br /> <br /> <span style="font-weight: bold">Tabla 1. Ejemplos de concentración de la economía interna ecuatoriana <br /> (cuota de mercado)</span><br /> <br /> <br /> <table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="593" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-right-style: none; width: 444.85pt; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-left-style: none"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us">Sector <o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-left-style: none; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us">Controlan el mercado <o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-left-style: none; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us">Resto del mercado <o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Bebidas de todo tipo <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">40,92% (Cervecería Nacional) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">30,41% (Arca) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">28,67% (otros) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Bebidas no alcohólicas <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">81% (una empresa) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">19% (155 empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Comerciantes alimenticios agroindustriales (supermercados) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">50% (Corporación La Favorita) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">31% (Corporación El Rosado) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">10% (Megasantamaría) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">9% (otros) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Elaboración de aceite <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">92,22% (dos empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">7,78% (otras) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Carnes <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">62,16% (Pronaca) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">37,84% (otros) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Elaboración de pastas (macarrones, fideos…) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">54% (dos empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">46% (26 empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Elaboración de productos de molinería <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">71% (cinco empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">29% (335 empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Elaboración de productos lácteos <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">61% (cinco empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">39% (436 empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Productos de higiene (jabón, detergente, perfumes, preparados para limpiar y pulir) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">76% (dos empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">24% (88 empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Fabricación de productos textiles <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">61% (nueve empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">39% (1 493 empresas) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Vehículos <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">72% (GM- Ómnibus BB) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">17,67% (Maresa) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">7,62% (Aymesa) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">2,43% (otros) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Electrodomésticos <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">85,21% (Indurama) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">11,49% (Fibroscero) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">3,30% (otros) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td width="262" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">Comunicaciones <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="189" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 5cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">42,15% (Conecel) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">31,88% (Otecel) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="142" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt">25,97% (otros) <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-weight: bold">Fuente: </span>Censo Nacional Económico 2010, INEC, Senplades<br /> <br /> De forma general, los niveles de concentración de mercado son alarmantes, el 10% de establecimientos de mayores ventas absorbieron en 2010 el 95,81% del total nacional; y dentro de este grupo, el 1% de realizaron el 86% de las ventas totales del país. Por tamaño de establecimiento (gráfico 1), las empresas más grandes (200 y más trabajadores) suman el 0,2% del total de las empresas del país, con una facturación que supone el 44,1% de las ventas totales del país, pero que sin embargo generan el 24,4% del empleo. Por el contrario, las empresas pequeñas son el 95,4% de establecimientos en el país, con apenas el 16,4% de las ventas totales pero generan el 44,4% del empleo del país. <br /> <br /> <span style="font-weight: bold">Gráfico 1. Participación en la generación de empleo, número de establecimientos y ventas totales por tamaño de establecimiento. Año 2010</span><br /> <img src="especiales/images/g1.JPG" /><br /> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "times new roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt'>Fuente: </span></b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "times new roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt'>Censo Nacional Económico 2010, INEC</span><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "times new roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>Por lo que respecta a la distribución regional (gráfico 2), Pichincha, con el 18% de la población del país concentra el 22,2% de los establecimientos y el 46,8% de las ventas, seguido de Guayas, que con el 25% de la población nacional, concentra el 23,4% de los establecimientos y el 26,35% de las ventas.<br /> <br /> <span style="font-weight: bold">Gráfico 2. Concentración territorial</span><br /> <img src="especiales/images/g2.JPG" /> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "times new roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt'>Fuente: </span></b><span style='line-height: 115%; font-family: "times new roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt'>Censo Nacional Económico 2010, INEC <o:p></o:p></span></p>Los principales grupos económicos del país (un total de 75 según el SRI), en su mayoría conglomerados empresariales, han aumentando su peso en la economía ecuatoriana. En la tabla 2 se puede observar como los ingresos de estos grupos han pasado de USD 9 300 millones en 2003 a USD 25 400 millones en 2010, aumentando significativamente su peso en la economía desde un 32% en 2003 a casi un 44% en 2010. Durante el gobierno actual, el poder económico de estos grupos crece cinco puntos porcentuales. <br /> <br /> <span style="font-weight: bold">Tabla 2. Ingresos grupos económicos <br /> (USD millones y porcentaje del PIB)<br /> </span><br /> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="317" style="width: 237.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 3.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 19pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 19pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">Año <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 19pt; border-left-style: none; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">USD en millones <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 19pt; border-left-style: none; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">Ingreso como % PIB <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 19pt; border-left-style: none; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">PIB <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2003 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">9 306,67 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">32,5 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">28 635,9 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2004 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">11 326,84 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">34,7 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">32 642,2 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2005 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">13 498,84 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">36,3 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">37 186,9 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2006 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">16 162,36 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">38,7 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">41 763,2 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2007 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">18 224,18 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">39,8 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">45 789,4 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2008 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">22 117,07 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">40,8 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">54 209,0 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; background-color: white; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2009 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">22 348,50 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">43,0 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">52 021,9 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; border-top-style: none; height: 11.15pt; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">2010 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="80" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 60.1pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">25 389,40 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="95" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 71.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; background: white; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">43,8 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td> <td width="61" nowrap="true" style="border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 3.5pt; width: 45.6pt; padding-right: 3.5pt; height: 11.15pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: times new roman; mso-fareast-language: es">57 978,1 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /> En este sentido es necesario destacar que las utilidades de los grupos económicos en el período 2006-2010 fue un 364% superior al período 2004-2006, bajo gobiernos supuestamente neoliberales. Las utilidades de los grupos económicos habrían pasado de USD 529 millones en 2006 a USD 1 830,4 millones en 2010. Dentro de este grupo, las 15 mayores empresas concentran el 52% de los ingresos y el 65% de las utilidades del grupo. En nuestra opinión, estos incrementos en la facturación y en las utilidades los han conseguido sin invertir mayormente en la producción, simplemente aprovechándose de la mayor apertura comercial y del incremento del gasto público que se ha producido en el país en los últimos años. <br /> <br /> Por otra parte, la carga tributaria (impuesto causado/ingresos) de estos grupos en 2010 fue de apenas el 1,8%, lo que implica un ligero aumento respecto a 2009 (1,69%). Este monto supuso el 22,3% de los ingresos del SRI por Impuesto a la Renta en 2010, casi la mitad de lo que se esperaría dado el peso de los principales grupos económicos en la economía nacional (43,8% del PIB). Banco Internacional sería el grupo que mayor carga fiscal tendría con el 5,6%, seguido de Holcim con el 4,3% y Dinadec (Cervecería Nacional) con el 3,95%. Por el contrario, los que menos carga fiscal tuvieron fueron Petróleos y Servicios PYS con el 0,12%, Marbelize y Obsa Oro Banana, el 0,21% respectivamente y Casa Tosi el 0,22%.<br /> <br /> En conclusión se podría decir que, pocas veces antes los grupos económicos poderosos estuvieron mejor.<br /> <br /> Notas:<br /> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="line-height: 115%; font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 8pt">[1]</span><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif"><span style="font-size: 8pt"> Según la metodología BancoMundial, se considera a pequeña empresa la que dispone de 1 a 9 personaslaborando en la empresa. </span> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: es; mso-fareast-font-family: calibri; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: times new roman; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa">[2]</span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: es; mso-fareast-font-family: calibri; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa"> Según el SRI, losgrupos económicos representan en total 2.748 empresas, conformados por 348personas naturales, 2.123 sociedades nacionales, 243 sociedades extranjeras,166 sociedades extranjeras domiciliadas en paraísos fiscales, 662contribuyentes especiales, 98 grandes contribuyentes, 41 institucionesfinancieras y 30 medios de comunicaciones.</span></p><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="line-height: 115%; font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 8pt">[3]</span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: times new roman,serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-ansi-language: es-ec; mso-fareast-font-family: calibri; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa"> El Impuesto a la Renta (IR) de los grupos económicos en 2010 fue de USD 457,6millones, si se considera que el IR es la cuarta parte delas utilidades, entonces las utilidades obtenidas en dicho año serían de por lo menos USD 1 830,4 millones. </span></td></tr></tbody></table>